Precise water level measurements using low-cost GNSS antenna arrays
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract. We have developed a ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique for monitoring water levels with comparable precision to standard tide gauges (e.g. pressure transducers) but at fraction of the cost and using commercial products that are straightforward assemble. As opposed geodetic-standard antennas been used in previous GNSS-R literature, we use multiple co-located low-cost retrieve via inverse modelling signal-to-noise ratio data. The advantageous over not only because they much less expensive (even when same location) also can be analysis greater range satellite elevation angles. validate our arrays four three test sites variable tidal forcing operational gauges. root mean square error between gauge measurements ranges from 0.69–1.16 cm all each site. find instead single antenna improves by 30 %–50 % preliminary suggests appears optimum number antennas. In order obtain precise measurements, it is important track GPS, GLONASS Galileo satellites wide azimuth angles (at least 140?) 30?). provide software analysing GNSS data obtaining level measurements.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Earth surface dynamics
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2196-6311', '2196-632X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-673-2021